Published in TICCIH Bulletin nr 69, 3rd quarter 2015
On the 5th of July, 2015, UNESCO has inscribed
Rjukan-Notodden Industrial Heritage Site on the World Heritage list. This
represents great opportunities for the local communities of Rjukan and
Notodden, located in the interior southern part of Norway. According
to the proposal, the site is a unique expression of new industrial developments
during the second industrial revolution, based in hydroelectric power
production, industry, transport system and urban communities. The development
of industry here depended however totally on the presence on the water
landscape, so that the cultural and physical features of landscape here is a
total production system (Birkeland 2015).
How are we to value industrial
heritage in the Anthropocene? The Anthropocene refers to the human-dominated,
geological epoch that we are now living in. It is a concept that covers
the last 250 years’ immense human impact on the earth where global warming,
environmental degradation and unsustainable development are huge warning signs.
I want to argue for perspectives on
industrial heritage research that meets these challenges. This implies partly to
uncover some of the taken-for-granted premises in industrial heritage research,
namely human-centeredness, or anthropocentrism. Human-centredness is a central
feature of industrial, modern society, and it is often missed in industrial
heritage discourse. In modernity, nature was socialised and domesticated in
particular ways. Industrialisation brought a sea change in how humans
understood nature. We can view industrialisation as a crisis of reason
(Plumwood 2002). Industrialisation turned nature into an object for human
projects and interests and naturalised the need to transcend the limits of
nature to create value for humans and society through the use of machines.
I
suggest that the making of nature into resource is a part of the heritage of
industrial society. This requires an understanding of the relationship between
nature and society as a power-relationship. We need a social analysis that
includes nature-society relationships (Castree and Braun 2001). The need to
include nature is overlooked in most research from the humanities on industrial
society, who focus on issues of social and economic injustice, power and class
relations within society, but who are blind to its own anthropocentrism. An
analysis of class relations only is not enough. Nature is the neglected other
in the industrialised world, expressing a profound society-nature dualism.
In
this perspective it is important to ask whose heritage industrial heritage is,
and how the interests of those who have a right to this heritage - but who are
not in power to secure this right - are to be heard. This is an important
question as there are some stakeholders who in industrial societies have been
silenced, the natural landscape. Who speaks for the natural landscape?
One
simple reason for this perspective is the need for youth to learn about the two
faces of industrialisation: how it contributed to improved welfare, health and
a better world for the masses, but also how it led to global warming and an
urgent need for improving environmental sustainability and climate change
transformation.
So,
what can be done? New research confirms that the understanding of industrial
heritage as a living landscape is promising in terms of a move
away from human-centeredness and towards facilitating cultural change by seeing
culture as a fourth pillar of sustainability (Birkeland 2008, 2014, 2015, Soini
and Birkeland 2014, Dessein et al 2015). Industrial heritage is a living
landscape, a totality that results from the mingled agency of the human and
more-than-human world. The industrial landscape is, further, an everyday
landscape, the landscape as seen from those who live or inhabit the industrial
landscape.
Sustainable
heritage management must thus reflect a conscious inter-generational and
non-anthropocentric view of the industrial landscape. The crucial question is
whose values ideas of industrial heritage reflect, and whom heritage should be
for. These core questions should not be left for the technocrats and engineers
to manage. Use and re-use of industrial heritage must be embedded in the values
and interests of those who have stakes in the industrial landscape, but most
important, should include the care of the physical landscape. These questions
concern cultural sustainability understood as eco-cultural justice, justice in
relation to local values and justice in relation to nature, and the overall
role of culture in sustainable community development.
References
Birkeland,
I. 2015. The Potential Space for Cultural Sustainability: Narrating the future
of a post-industrial town. Theory and
Practice in Heritage and Sustainability: Between Past and Future, edited by
Elizabeth Auclair and Graham Fairclough. Routledge Series in Culture and
Sustainability. London: Routledge
Birkeland,
I. 2014. Kulturelle hjørnesteiner.
Teoretiske og didaktiske perspektiver på klimaomstilling. Oslo: Cappelen
Damm Akademisk
Birkeland,
I. 2008. Cultural Sustainability: Industrialism, placeless-ness and the
re-animation of place. Ethics, Place
& Environment, 11(3), 283-297.
Castree,
N. and B. Braun. 2001. Social nature:
Theory, practice and politics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Dessein,
J., Soini, K., Fairclough, G. and Horlings, I. (eds.) 2015. Culture in, for and as sustainable
development. Conclusions from the COST Action IS1007 Investigating Cultural
Sustainability. University of Jyväskyla, Finland.
Plumwood,
V. 2002. Environmental Culture: The
Ecological Crisis of Reason. London: Routledge.
Soini,
K. and I. Birkeland. 2014. Exploring the scientific discourse of cultural
sustainability. Geoforum, vol 51, nr
1 (pp 213–223)